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1. New indicators and tools in use and under development for intervention research and monitoring in relation to MHM and WASH in schools
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New indicators and tools
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a. Indicators and data collection efforts for monitoring at global levels:
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Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) to track progress related to SDG targets 6.1, 6.2 and 4a
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UNICEF’s Multiple Cluster Indictor Survey (MICS) added questions on menstruation
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Inclusion of MHM (WASH and menarche) questions in the Demographic and Health Survey
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b. Indicators and data collection efforts for research and monitoring at regional and national levels:
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Bangladesh National Hygiene Baseline Survey
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WaterAid and UNICEF’s analysis of MHM in schools in South Asia
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Grand Challenges Canada’s comparative analysis of MHM innovative enterprises
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Performance Monitoring and Accountability (PMA) 2020 (Johns Hopkins) produced MHM country-specific reports of household level data on women over age 15 in select countries
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2. New tools being developed and tested (reaching beyond school-based activities)
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Menstrual self-efficacy (Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and International Center Diarrheal Disease Bangladesh (ICDDRB)); Menstruation ENgagement, Self-efficacy, and Stress (MENSES) (Save the Children)
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Global monitoring experts in health (sexual and reproductive / psychosocial), gender, education, and WASH identified outcome/impact measures for addressing menstrual health and hygiene among girls globally (Columbia University; WSSCC)
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Expansion of evidence
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More expansive inquiries and collaborative efforts between academic institutions, intergovernmental organizations, global and local nonprofit organizations, and the private sector
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Research in Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Gambia, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Bhutan, Fiji, Mongolia, and Pakistan among others (Muthengi, Farris, and Austrian 2017; Hennegan et al. n.d.; Department of School Education of Bhutan and United Nations Children Fund 2018; Johnson et al. 2016; Miiro et al. 2018; Chinyama et al. 2019; Alam et al. 2017; WaterAid Australia 2017; Mumtaz, Sommer, and Bhatti 2016) on the MHM-related challenges faced by girls and female teachers, toilet needs within religious backgrounds
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Feasibility studies, impact evaluations, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness trials (Zulaika et al. 2019; Sommer 2010; Hennegan and Montgomery 2016; Alexander et al. 2015; Miiro et al. 2018; Sommer et al. 2018; Emdadul Haque et al. 2014; Muthengi, Farris, and Austrian 2017)
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Research analyzing the impact of the MHM and education policy landscape (Sommer et al. 2017)
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MHM among people with disabilities (Wilbur et al. 2019), boys and men’s perceptions of MHM for schoolgirls (Mason et al. 2017), MHM in emergency contexts (Sommer et al. 2018)
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Cross-sector Collaboration
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New efforts to mobilize research networks and synergies, including
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The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) seed grant among researchers in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe to strengthen MHM research capacity with a particular focus on schools
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MHM in Emergencies toolkit (27 co-publishing humanitarian response organizations), with inclusion of MHM in education sector response (Sommer et al. 2018)
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Recommendations to advance the agenda
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Longitudinal research on the consequences of poor MHM, and the synergistic impact of combined MHM interventions for schoolgirls, including the long-term effect of such interventions
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More inclusive studies, involving men and boys, parents, teachers, and marginalized groups such as girls with disabilities and transgendered youth
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Systematic reviews evaluating MHM interventions and outcomes across differing geographies, cultures, population groups
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Financial modeling for and cost-effectiveness of MHM programmes and policies in schools to promote uptake of evidence-based research, dissemination, cross-sectoral engagement, and implementation
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‘Natural experiments’ to understand impact of policies and funding for MHM programmes in schools, including those that provide menstrual products to girls in high, middle, and low- income countries
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Implementation research to understand how programmes and policies are delivered, adapted, and scaled
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