Table 1 Summary of key data sources for HTA in Ghana
| HTA-related information | Data Source | Institution | Collection method | Equity aspect | Website | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Epidemiology | ||||||
| Population profile | Census | Ghana Statistical Service | Survey | Yes | http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/ | Last census 2010 |
| Demographics | Vital statistics | Births and deaths registry | Register, verbal autopsy | Unknown | http://www.eservices.gov.gh/bdr/SitePages/bdr-home.aspx | Many deaths not recorded, causes unknown |
| Burden of Disease | Burden of disease | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation | Health information system | Yes | http://www.healthdata.org/ghana | Disaggregated data – need to apply for access |
| DHS | DHS | DHS Programme | Survey | Yes | https://dhsprogram.com/Publications/Publication-Search.cfm?ctry_id=14&country=Ghana https://dhsprogram.com/what-we-do/survey/survey-display-437.cfm | Latest DHS was in 2014 Current DHS is being validated |
| MICS | MICS | UNICEF, Ghana Statistical Service | Unknown | Unknown | http://mics.unicef.org/surveys | 2011 available MICS6 (2017–18) is being analysed |
| Disease profiles | DHIMS | GHS (CHIMG) | HIS | Yes | https://www.facebook.com/CHIMGH/?fref=ts | Access – permission required |
| Disease surveillance | GHS | Disease surveillance Dept., Public Health | HIS | Unknown | http://www.ghanahealthservice.org/division-scat.php?ghsdid=10&ghsscid=58 | Communicable and non-communicable diseases |
| Ghana HIS indicators | GHS | Measure | Collation | No | https://www.measureevaluation.org/his-strengthening-resource-center/country-profiles/ghana | Some reports published Raw data may be available |
| 2. Clinical efficacy | ||||||
| Efficacy – trials | Trials of interventions | Industry mostly | Trials | Often sparse (Chiu – Sam) | Published literature (e.g. PubMed) | Few trials in Ghana |
| Clinical Trials Department | Food & Drugs Authority | Register | No | https://fdaghana.gov.gh/index.php/clinical-trials-department/ | Authorisation and monitoring of clinical trials | |
| Pan African Clinical Trials Registry | PACTR | Register | No | http://www.pactr.org/ International Clinical Trials Registry Platform http://www.who.int/ictrp/en/ | Regional register of clinical trials conducted in Africa | |
| Efficacy – systematic reviews | Cochrane Library | Cochrane Library, Wiley | – | – | http://www.cochranelibrary.com/help/access-options-for-cochrane-library.html | Access is provided by internet protocol country recognition |
| Safety | Pharmacovigilance | Food & Drugs Authority | Unknown | Unknown | https://fdaghana.gov.gh/index.php/safety-monitoring-department/ | May have adverse event reporting system |
| Medical research | Division of Research & Development | GHS | – | No | http://www.ghanahealthservice.org/ghs-division.php?ghs&ghsdid=11 | – |
| 3. Costs | ||||||
| Health expenditure | National Heath Accounts | MoH WHO | NHA | Unknown | https://knoema.com/WHONHA2018Feb/national-health-accounts?country=1000200-ghana | Not easily accessible |
| Medicines prices | NHIS list | NHIA | Central decisions | No | http://www.nhis.gov.gh/News/what-you-need-to-know-about-nhis-medicines-list-4130 | Some delays in updating costs each year |
| Survey | WHO & HAI | Survey | May have data for regions | http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js18074en/ | 2004 published, 2018 survey completed (MoH) | |
| Health services | NHIS tariffs | NHIA & GHS | Central decisions | No | Benefits package http://www.nhis.gov.gh/benefits.aspx | Not current for tariffs, cost manual is underway, based on the JLN model |
| Private health insurance | PHI bodies | Claims | Possible | http://www.nhis.gov.gh/phis.aspx | – | |
| OOP costs | DHS | – | Survey | Yes | See 2014 report | Unsure if can access raw data |
| 4. Service use | ||||||
| Health services | NHIS | NHIA | Claims | Yes | Benefits package http://www.nhis.gov.gh/benefits.aspx | Mostly paper-based; 30% electronic |
| DHIMS | GHS (CHIMG) | HIS | Possible | https://www.facebook.com/CHIMGH/?fref=ts Centre for Health information Management Ghana | Access – permission required | |
| Annual report | GHS | Report | No | http://www.ghanahealthservice.org/downloads/GHS_ANNUAL_REPORT_2016_n.pdf | Published: Annual report 2016; Facts and Figures 2018 | |
| PHI | PHI companies | Claims | Possible | http://www.nhis.gov.gh/phis.aspx | – | |
| Healthcare Access and Quality Index | GBD study 1990–2015 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation | Collation | Possible | http://www.healthdata.org/research-article/healthcare-access-and-quality-index-based-mortality-causes-amenable-personal-health | Based on mortality from causes amenable to personal healthcare |
| 5. Quality of life | ||||||
| DALY | GBD study | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation | Database | NA | http://www.healthdata.org/ghana | No local disability weights |
| 6. Equity | ||||||
| Epidemiology | DHS | GHS | Survey | Area, gender, income, literacy | https://dhsprogram.com/what-we-do/survey/survey-display-437.cfm | Unsure if access to disaggregated data |
| Service use | NHIS | NHIA | Database | Districts, gender | Benefits package http://www.nhis.gov.gh/benefits.aspx | Unsure if access to disaggregated data |
| DHIMS | GHS | Database | Districts | GHS access only | Unsure if access to disaggregated data | |
| Equitable strategies | EQUIST tool | UNICEF | Collation | Districts | http://www.equist.info/en/dashboard | Considering adoption, recent study tour in India |
| Healthcare Access and Quality Index | GBD study 1990–2015 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation | Collation | Yes | http://www.healthdata.org/research-article/healthcare-access-and-quality-index-based-mortality-causes-amenable-personal-health | Based on mortality from causes amenable to personal healthcare |